Nanostructured electrochemical biosensors for estimation of pharmaceutical drugs

Abstract

The definition of biosensor, which is not exactly equivalent, can only be expressed as follows: drugs are the most important factor in the classification of these substances. Especially when it comes to human health, the toxic properties of drugs come to the fore. These substances have serious effects on human and environmental health. Therefore it is very important to make drug determinations with accurate, sensitive, reliable, and fast analysis methods. To date, advanced instrumental methods such as mass spectroscopy (MS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry MS, and other combined methods have been used for numerous drug determinations in the natural samples. However, a new analytical method is needed for the determination of drugs due to the need for expensive equipment, the need for long preprocessing, the unsuitability of green chemistry, and the occurrence of interferences. In particular, electrochemical methods are of great interest in field analysis because they are fast, inexpensive, reliable, and portable. Numerous carbon-based sensors have been developed to date when polarography was pioneered and the first mercury electrode was used. It is involved in the toxic metal determination of carbon paste electrode, glassy carbon electrode, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and other carbonaceous materials, especially fullerenes discovered in the 1960s. In addition, the development of a new generation of modified electrochemical sensors makes it possible to analyze very low amounts of drugs. Thus the importance of electrochemical sensors is increasing day by day due to the detection of drugs in biological and pharmaceutical samples according to classical analytical methods. In this chapter, both types and advantages of electrochemical sensors developed for drug determinations in the last 5 years are discussed in detail. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.