Effects of soleus push-up exercise on systemic immune-inflammatory index and blood lipid profile in coronary artery disease

Abstract

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, characterized by lipid accumulation in large artery walls. The systemic immune-inflammatory index is an emerging biomarker linked to cardiovascular disease progression. Soleus push-up exercises, targeting the soleus muscle (predominantly Type I fibers), may benefit patients with CAD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soleus push-up exercises on blood lipid profiles and systemic immune-inflammatory index in CAD patients. Forty-three CAD patients were enrolled and divided into 2 groups: 24 patients in the exercise group performed soleus push-up exercises, while 19 served as the control group with no exercise recommendations. Blood lipid profiles and systemic immune-inflammatory index were measured at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. At the 1-month follow-up, the exercise group showed significantly lower total cholesterol levels and systemic immune-inflammatory index scores compared to the control group (P < .005). At the 3-month follow-up, the exercise group had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (P < .005), and lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol levels (P < .005) than the control group. The exercise group also exhibited significantly lower systemic inflammatory index (SII) scores at 3 months (P < .001). Soleus push-up exercises may positively influence blood lipid profiles and systemic immune-inflammatory index in CAD patients, highlighting a potential noninvasive approach for managing cardiovascular risk factors.