Modified indium tin oxide electrodes: Electrochemical applications in pharmaceutical, biological, environmental and food analysis

Abstract

This paper represents a comprehensive review about the most recent developments in indium tin oxide (ITO) based electrochemical chemosensors and biosensors. ITO electrode has received increasing attention due to its large potential window and excellent optical properties. It provides electrochemical stability and a low background current and has recently been applied as a working electrode in the electrochemical analysis. The focal point of this paper was based on the sensor applications and properties of modified ITO electrodes in the determination of some biomarkers, pathogens, pesticides, drugs, organic species, and metals, etc. by electrochemical techniques. Experimental conditions and some analytical parameters of the electrode applications were discussed. The future possibilities and prospects of ITO electrodes have been outlined. In this case, there are significant studies to display the powerful ITO sensors for the determination of analytes and this review summarizes the available data on this topic between 2010 and 2021.